Steering system
Steering system makeup
By operating the steering wheel, the wheel direction is changed making the
vehicle change direction. In other words, the steering system is a steering
device. The fundamental mechanism allows the vehicle's direction to be
changed when movement is transferred through the steering wheel gear
box from the handle to the wheels.
There are many types of steering gear mechanisms available for steering
systems. However, presently the main type is a combination of a rack and
pinion gear. The rack gear connected at both ends by a tie rod is also
known as the rack and pin method. However, because a large amount of
power is required to change wheel direction, most vehicles now employ
power steering mechanisms, which assist through hydraulics, and
motorized mechanisms.
Mechanism in steering wheel
The rack and pinion is probably the simplest of all the steering systems. It is mounted on the front cross-member. It is attached to the front wheels via tie rods and the steering wheel via a column. The steering column is usually telescopic or collapsible so in the event of a frontal impact the column collapses. This is a safety feature to prevent damage to the driver. The rack and pinion, usually called the steering rack consists of:
Rack: The rack is a metal bar flattened on one side with teeth machined into the surface and inner tie rods connected to each end.
Pinion: The pinion if fixed to the end of the steering column and it too has teeth machined into it. When the steering wheel is turned, the teeth on the pinion engage with the teeth on the rack and move the rack in its housing. This moves the inner tie rods, which in turn moves the tie rod ends and eventually the wheels.
Housing: The housing is the place where most of these parts live. A bearing in the top of the housing carries the pinion shaft and allows it to turn freely. The rack sits on either bearings or metal bushes in the housing. This both allows the rack to move freely and also minimises the about of free-play. The housing is sealed at the top with a rubber seal and at the sides with rubber covers called steering rack boots. This keeps foreign matter from entering into the housing and causing premature wear.
Inner tie rods: The inner tie rods are connected at each end of the rack with a ball and socket type arrangement. The socket is in the rack and the ball is on the end of the tie rod and this set up allows the inner tie rods to move through angles, which is necessary when steering over bumps and potholes. The outer end of the tie rod is threaded to allow the tie rod end to be screwed on. This is arrangement also facilitates wheel alignment adjustment.
Tie rod ends: The part most likely to wear in a steering is the tie rod end. This is what connects the steering rack to the wheels and suffers the most abuse. Every time your vehicle hits a kerb, runs over a speed bump or drives into a pothole the tie rod end is under stress. Like the inner tie rod it has a ball and socket joint and this can wear out.
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