Basic Suspension Geometry
Caster
Caster is the forward or
rearward tilt of the steering axis centerline, as viewed from the side of the
vehicle, and is measured in degrees from a vertical. It is a directional
control geometry angle that helps keep the vehicle moving straight ahead.
If the steering axis is
tilted rearward, it is called "Positive Caster". A forward tilt is
called
"Negative
Caster". On BMW vehicles, Caster is always positive. Positive Caster
increases stability at high speeds. Positive Caster also causes increased
steering effort at low speeds. Systems such as Servotronic help minimize this
negative effect.
In addition to increased high speed stability, cornering is enhanced and steering wheel returnability is improved by positive Caster.Caster is measured in degrees. On BMW vehicles, Caster is a non-adjustable angle. But Caster is influenced by damaged suspension components. When performing a wheel alignment, always check Caster to insure there is no hidden damage.
In addition to increased high speed stability, cornering is enhanced and steering wheel returnability is improved by positive Caster.Caster is measured in degrees. On BMW vehicles, Caster is a non-adjustable angle. But Caster is influenced by damaged suspension components. When performing a wheel alignment, always check Caster to insure there is no hidden damage.
Cross
Caster
Cross Caster is the
difference in the Caster measurement from left to right. Excessive
Cross Caster can cause the
vehicle to pull to the side with the least positive caster.
Camber
Camber is the inward or
outward tilt of the wheels when viewed from the front of the vehicle. The
amount of tilt is measured in degrees from the vertical and is called the
camber angle. If the wheel tilts out at the top, the camber angle is positive
and if the wheel tilts in at the top it is negative.
Excessive Positive Camber
will cause abnormal wear on the outer edge of the tire.
Excessive Negative Camber
will cause abnormal wear on the inner edge of the tire.
Camber is measured in
Degrees and Minutes and is measured at the front and rear of the vehicle.
Camber is adjustable on some BMW models.
Steering
Roll Radius (Steering Offset)
The steering offset is the
distance between the point of contact of the projected line drawn
through the steering axis
to the road surface and the center point of the tire contact area
(foot print). The roll
radius is the distance between these two lines.
• A positive roll
radius exists when the steering axis line is inside the center line of
the
tire.
• A negative roll
radius exists when the steering axis line is outside of the tire center
line.
When the Steering Roll
Radius is excessively positive, stability during braking is reduced. When the
Steering Roll Radius is excessively negative, the directional stability is
reduced and there is reduced feedback to the driver through the steering wheel.
BMW vehicles are designed with a slightly positive Steering Roll Radius. This
gives the driver a better “road feel” without compromising braking stability.
Steering Roll Radius is not
adjustable, but can be influenced by improper tire and wheel
combinations. Wheels with
incorrect offsets can compromise handling characteristics.
keywords: illinois asbestos attorney, alabama lawyer mesothelioma, mesothelioma attorney, asbestos lawyer, mesothelioma lawyers, asbestos attorney, mesothelioma lawyer, asbestos cancer attorney, texas asbestos lawyer, illinois mesothelioma lawyer, mesothelioma attorneys, mesothelioma litigation, mesothelioma attorney texas, mesothelioma attorney houston, illinois mesothelioma attorney, texas mesothelioma attorney, new york mesothelioma lawyers, minnesota mesothelioma lawyer, atlanta asbestos attorneys, new york mesothelioma attorneys, pennsylvania mesothelioma lawyers, phoenix dui attorney, dui attorney phoenix, arizona dui attorneys, dui lawyer arizona, phoenix dui lawyers, dui attorney arizona, phoenix arizona dui lawyer, arizona dui attorney, arizona dwi attorney, phoenix dui lawyer, arizona dui lawyer, dui lawyer phoenix, arizona dui lawyers, dui lawyer scottsdale, scottsdale dui attorney, dui attorneys arizona, tempe dui lawyer, az dui attorney, dui attorney scottsdale, automobile, mechanical engineering, autocad training,auto insurance, car insurance, car insurance quote, insurance quotes, low cost insurance, cheap insurance, cheap car insurance, cheap auto insurance, car cheapest insurance, car insurance quotes, automobile insurance, auto insurance quote, cheap car insurance quote, discount auto insurance, car insurance online, insurance rates, car insurance online quote, cheapest car insurance, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet
keywords: illinois asbestos attorney, alabama lawyer mesothelioma, mesothelioma attorney, asbestos lawyer, mesothelioma lawyers, asbestos attorney, mesothelioma lawyer, asbestos cancer attorney, texas asbestos lawyer, illinois mesothelioma lawyer, mesothelioma attorneys, mesothelioma litigation, mesothelioma attorney texas, mesothelioma attorney houston, illinois mesothelioma attorney, texas mesothelioma attorney, new york mesothelioma lawyers, minnesota mesothelioma lawyer, atlanta asbestos attorneys, new york mesothelioma attorneys, pennsylvania mesothelioma lawyers, phoenix dui attorney, dui attorney phoenix, arizona dui attorneys, dui lawyer arizona, phoenix dui lawyers, dui attorney arizona, phoenix arizona dui lawyer, arizona dui attorney, arizona dwi attorney, phoenix dui lawyer, arizona dui lawyer, dui lawyer phoenix, arizona dui lawyers, dui lawyer scottsdale, scottsdale dui attorney, dui attorneys arizona, tempe dui lawyer, az dui attorney, dui attorney scottsdale, automobile, mechanical engineering, autocad training,auto insurance, car insurance, car insurance quote, insurance quotes, low cost insurance, cheap insurance, cheap car insurance, cheap auto insurance, car cheapest insurance, car insurance quotes, automobile insurance, auto insurance quote, cheap car insurance quote, discount auto insurance, car insurance online, insurance rates, car insurance online quote, cheapest car insurance, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet, ebay, free, hotels, hotel, travel, free travel, free hotels, free cars, free home, free insurance, free place, cheap travel, free internet
